Pirated Software Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pirated Software - Essay ExampleIn fact, it is estimated that 36% of wholly the software currently used is stolen (Journal of Business 2004). Instead of benefiting consumers, pirated software adds to consumer burden because the profit loss from the sales of this software is being passed on also to them by manufacturers in terms of higher prices (Piracy 2007).Software plagiarism is defined by Microsoft as the mislicensing, unauthorized reproduction and illegal distribution of software, whether for personal or worry use (Protect yourself from piracy 2007). It should be noted that once an individual purchase a software from the right of first publication holder, the package include an end user license agreement (EULA) which provides the software a protection against copyright infringement. It is understood that once a consumer open the software and install it in his/her computer, he will pose to the EULA.In the common knowledge, pirated software is often understood as counterfeit software which is bought from an illegal vendor which reproduced it. This practice is very common in Mexico and China where software is reproduced and packaged in CD cases featuring the received design from the copyright holder. In countries where copyright infringement is often overlooked, pirated software are sold openly in markets. However, pirated software goes beyond purchasing from an illegal seller who reproduced it for a profit.

Women and Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Women and Terrorism - quiz ExampleOnce so defined, those affected may become international lepers. Hence the nature of their nominal head its objectives, ideology, and historical reason for being will be dismissed out of hand.The second stage in the 20th century transformation of panicism was the growth of state sponsorship. Historically, the representation of women increases during the second wave of terrorism, although it is neer very high. Also, the proportion of supporters relative to regulars and leaders grows in the second wave. Yet when researchers look at their places of surrender and adult residence, the case for the diffusion of neo-Fascist terrorism by expansion weakens (Mason 37). Measured both in term of where they were born and resided the early neo-Fascists were a more geographically dispersed collection of people than the later ones. So far as the terrorists gender is concerned, somewhat surprisingly the late leftists did not show a statistically significant inc rease in female representation as against the early contingent (Mason 38). There is a shift, however, in the kinds of women who appear during the second period. The data suggest an increase in the proportion of married women who participated in the left-wing groups.The most famous women terrorist is Ulrike... Furthermore, second generation women were more likely to play leadership roles in these groups than were women who joined the earlier formations.Palestinian women terrorist leadership has been sufficiently successful that it may arouse provided at least(prenominal) some motivation for the September 11 attacks. States which are unable to confront their enemies conventionally have provided each imaginable assistance to terrorist groups in order to weaken their enemies physically or morally. Although the original acts of Palestinian terror have brought some international blame upon the perpetrators, Israeli responses have resulted in even worse condemnation for Israel (Bassam 83). Formal U.N. reprimands weaken Israels moral position, which affects its relations with the U.S. Government. Ironically, the attacks have not weakened the Israelis physically if anything, the attacks have move the Israelis to new levels of proficiency in eradicating the threat. A crucial factor in the rise to prominence of the women affaire has been the evolution of modes of violent behavior over time. If violence is viewed as an ongoing component in man relationships, rather than as a moral consideration, it is clear that the eras of conventional warfare and, in turn, nuclear warfare, have been respectively organized, institutionalized, and for the most part deterred (with no guarantee over future breakdowns) (Neuberger and Valentini 24). As persons have devised capabilities to distribute with these forms of violence, it is not surprising that advocates of violence have turned to unconventional forms of warfare-first guerrilla warfare (liberation movements), and eventually to

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 17

biography - Essay ExampleArab nationalism looked upon the encroachment of Jewish settlers into Palestine, as nothing more than an extension of European Christian interests and influence into Palestine, which needed to be checked. Thus opposition to Zionism and its presence in the Palestine as a part of Palestine interests emerged in the early 1900s The roots of the Arab-Israeli divergence thus craft in the perception of the Arabs that the presence of Jews in Palestine is an extension of the Christian Europe attempts to affect the Islamic rule in Palestine and pose a threat to the Islamic influence over Jerusalem (Thornton, 2008).The formation of Israel and the subsequent conflicts have seen the displacement of more than four million Palestinians from their native lands. Israel refuses to bear the return of these refugees and the status of these refugees continues to remain as a stumbling block to a solution to the Arab Israeli conflict (Asser, 2007).The status of Jerusalem and control over it was and still remains a thorny issue for the solution of the Arab-Israeli conflict. The Israeli lay claims to an undivided Jerusalem as their capital, while to the Arabs giving up Jerusalem and its dedicated Muslim sites would be capitulation (Whitaker, 2000). Jewish settlements have come up in the West confide and Gaza, which are proclaimed areas of the limited self rule enjoyed by the Palestinians. These settlements in some cases have freehanded to be small cities. The encroaching Jewish settlements and the status of these settlements pose a severe problem in any resolution to the Arab-Israeli conflict (FAQ on Israeli settlements).The first core judgement in Islam is that there is only one God and Muhammad as his Prophet. The God in Islam is omnipotent and a unique organism that rules the world. Islam requires its followers to know the will of God and become more subservient to it. The second core belief in Islam is

Industry research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Industry research paper - Essay workoutThese argon often regarded as exclusive moments of time that differ from regular occurrences. Every event necessitates the aspects the like funding, managing employees, undertaking marketing along with public relation activities, arranging security and organizing decorations among others. The way organizations deal with managing events is say to be event management. It comprises various important elements like organizational objectives, allocated roles along with duties, ownership of resources as intumesce as procedures, crucial success factors and event management mechanisms. Notably, event management has arisen as a vibrant segment in tourism and leisure industry. The range and admiration of events have also grown significantly in this present day context in the similar industry. Since the number of events grows extensively in both year, there eventually lays ongoing requirement of developing the overall performance of event management e xperts who are capable of forming, arranging and managing events. Irrespective of size, events necessitate high level of planning, variety of skills and numerous deliberate efforts (Kose et al, 2010). special events are phenomenal aspects arising from non-routine occasions that entail vocational, cultural, individual and organizational objectives. The objectives of special events are to enlighten, celebrate, amuse or experiment the involvement of any group of individuals. This industry is viewed to be highly fragmented and provides discretionary services. However, the new-fangled economic recession has hit the special event industry quite hard, with several organizations holding few and smaller events. Nevertheless, it is expected that the special event industry will retrieve from this adverse situation with the improvement in economy (IBISWorld, 2014).In the UK, the market of special event is likely to be worth 18.8 billion, which stood in the year 2009, comprising spending at v enues and broader destinations by event

Event Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Event Management - Essay ExampleEvent centering can be treated as the application of managing any projects related to any faces. This essay describes the slipway event management industry works and focuses on famous global events, such as Glastonbury festival. The event management industry has inclined a new look to the global event business. The properly managed foreign events have a great effect on the economy of the country. The event management business and the union concept of globalizing the events have given a great repute to the cultural festivals. The international events have given a new paradigm to the global tourism industry. For example, there ar many events occurring globally which appeal many international audience, such as Woodstock music festival, October Fest, many sports events like Football World Cup, cricket World Cup, Olympics, and art and music festival like Glastonbury Festival of contemporary performing art are globally renowned events and managing th ese events are very challenging job. The researcher concluds his analysis on The Glastonbury Festival and states that it has fix the festival for the world. It has boosted the UK tourism and has given a great contribution towards the economy and betterment. It has shown a great tariff towards the social responsibilities. The researcher also states that managing the humongous event like Glastonbury Festival is an act of more than unrivalled event management company but, it is an one man organization and there is the difference of the festival from the former(a) festivals.

Business Law - Ethical issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business police - Ethical issues - Essay ExampleInternational entrepreneur ship spans cultural boundaries and involves a variety of stakeholders, including the entrepreneur, investors and polity makers (Asel, 2003). Social considerations must be bring forthn the same status as economic, financial and environmental concerns in a holistic approach. It is time for global thinking and local action. The implementation of the Core Labour Standards and the laws and regulations that give effect to them at national levels can be significantly enhanced if the capacities of national labour inspectorates argon built up and strengthened. Labour inspectors have a crucial role to play because they are the only ones with the authority to directly access and impose variegates in the workplace.(Albracht, 2005)The augmentd working hours pose several extraneous costs to the employees and employers both. They give rise to different health problems such as heart problems, high rail line pressure, g astrointestinal disorders, psychological wellbeing and circadian disruption. The resulting increase in sick leave makes the organisation surrender the cost of the illness of employee. The external cost effect thus transfers to society in shape of change magnitude tax burden on taxpayers and on Government for the provision of more social care facilities (Dawson, McCulloch and Baker, 2001). except in order to compete internationally it is important to increase the working hours. As stated by Berry (2005) Europes productivity is lagging behind the US and Asia because inflexible labour laws are preventing companies restructuring and investing in new technologies, a typography shows.A DTI-sponsored study, published to coincide with the UKs presidency of the EU, criticises member countries, particularly France, Ger many another(prenominal), Spain and Italy, for not having the courage to reform labour laws.EU heads of state agreed a 10-year programme in 2000 to increase investment and m ake the EU the most dynamic and competitive knowledge-based economy in the world. However, the DTI report said little progress has been made in achieving this goal. Companies in Europe have to pursue a policy of creative destruction to change the way they do course and learn from the hire and chevy culture of the US to compete globally, the report said.At a conference key European players from business and government discussed the challenge of the future of information and communication technologies (ICT) policy.Viviane Reding, EU commissioner for information society and media, said many workers were concerned about their jobs and the EU would only strengthen economic growth by investing in ICT and abolishing superfluous regulationAlthough the hire and fire culture seems an easy way of achieving economic goals but the change in the policies regarding the employment can

Nintendo Wii Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nintendo Wii - Research melodic theme ExampleFor sometime now, Nintendo has been a strong market force, having bigger companies like Sony and Microsoft as closest competitor. This writ of execution is however not spheric as in move of the world such as Japan, were gross sales were falling below those of Sonys PlayStation 3 during March 2009 (Harding, 2009) SWOT ANALYSIS Strength Rank (2008) observes that Nintendo has four major(ip) strengths which have to do with a strong brand name, spirited returns, high employee efficiency, and debt free status. This means that the bon ton the potential of building a very formidable market base in many parts of the world since it is globally known and free from financial constraints. Weakness Nintendos greatest weakness has to do with its inability to meet demand of its products, especially the Wii. Rank (2008) laments that the new Nintendo Wii console is under such high demand that the manufacturers are not able to supply the key component s. Opportunities Nintendo can take opportunity from two major areas, which are Growing US games software market and increasing demand for online gaming (You Sigma, 2009). The companionship is therefore challenged to take up the opportunity to grow its stake in the scene game diligence. menace The company is threatened with the general slowdown of the Japanese, American and European markets (You Sigma, 2009) as a result of the global economic crisis. Analysis via Porters Five Forces Model Threat of new entrants The engineering industry is a fast growing one with new entrance seen every now and then. Because of the seemingly compensable nature of the industry, Nintendo risks stiffer reverse from new entrants who may not be new to technology but to the video game industry. In such a situation, such entrants are likely to cause a moneymaking(prenominal) stir with their existing name. Bargaining Power of Buyers Global economic hardships result in increased talk terms power by bu yers (Konadu, 2004). Because the world is yet to recover fully from the global economic crisis, Nintendo risks buyer opting for lesser fee of products and services. Bargaining Power of Suppliers Nintendos suppliers raised their bargaining power due to offset of stricter opposition and competition in the video game market. Nintendo had to face competition from Microsoft and Sony and so had no other survival than to give in to the bargain of suppliers. Substitute Products/Services Currently, Nintendo have shown lesser power to substitute its products as services. This is because for a very long time, the companys focus has remained video game. Intense Rivalry Microsoft as one of the rivals of Ninendo will continue to offer intense rivalry because Microsoft is faced with stiff competition in other areas of its production such as software and computer production. For this reason, Microsoft is likely to pay more management to the video game section of its company. Strategy used Nintend os strategy can be seen in two major areas. First, taking advatange of technology where by the companys innovative approach to videogame technology is evinced through the Wiis controller system (Roccols, 2008). Such use of technology was perhaps neglected by competitiors. Secondly and closely linked to the first, the Nintendo Wii is able to target a larger user base as it targets consumers of all ages. With this strategy, The Wii has allowed Nintendo to not only compete with Sony and Microsoft, but to experience the incredible success it remembers

Qualitative Approaches To Researching Management And Organisation Research Proposal - 1

qualitative Approaches To Researching Management And Organisation - Research Proposal ExampleMany European countries host carnivals in the cities and early(a) festivals which are times when the local population featherbed in local cultural activities and events that the students may indulge in willingly. On the other hand, alteration for students entering universities for their first time are often offered and managed by universities, but not any. At times the universities may not pee enough university accommodation for all the students they enrol and this brings up a sense of disparity among the students. This means that some of the students who have secured places at the conglomerate universities will need to be quiet proactive in getting accommodation definitely from the privy sector and other avenues.Other circumstances that may lead to the students look for alternative or undercover accommodation may be due to the provision of shared rooms by the university that may ta ke on some uncomfortable. Other hostels may not be up to the desired standards while some of the students may wish to take university accommodation as they prepare to make their way out to private accommodations that is more(prenominal) to their taste. Whereas this may be the will of the students to get private accommodation, some of the universities are more willing to concur the students the options of going ahead with this without any penalties.This research will serve as a basis for university charge and organisers to give an overview of the challenges that the students face during their entry period to the universities. There are numerous challenges encountered by students especially foreigners who have no idea of the way things roll in new environments. This research will give an overview to enhancing the accommodation procedures as well as ease the hustle that first years undergo in seek to settle into new environments.There is evidence in some of the universities especial ly in the United land of strategic

Chinese communication development reading response Essay

Chinese communication development recitation response - Essay Examplers from the country side moving to industrial regions, which has made China bingle of the worlds premier ICT production hub and turned ICT manufacturing into Chinas largest exporting sector. It is evident from the word that this growth in ICT has been driven by integration of transnational capital attracted to China by financial incentives and modern infrastructure in these industrial zones, which has encouraged the formation of joint ventures with private Chinese enterprises. However, the Chinese state has begun to face significant challenges in controlling these peasant workers, especially as the global scotch crisis of 2008 led to labor resistance among the changing working class, which has turned to collective action that has raised consciousness of labor rights (Hong & Wei, 2014).The authors conduct an in-depth exploration into how the export-processing regime in China has evolved since the market reforms of the late 70s, which has been specifically prove by the growth in manufacturing of information and communication technologies. Turing to media and telecommunication operations, which also underwent significant reforms as a result of the market reforms, it may be concluded from the authors arguments that they have played a critical role in the creation of Chinas commanding heights delivery (Hong & Wei, 2014). This economy is characterized by the state maintaining control over the medias ideological direction, while private capitalists take do of distribution and production operations. Indeed, whereas the export production sector in China was mainly driven by foreign, transnational capital, the Chinese state has maintained its control over the media and telecommunications sector. Moreover, although, as the authors note, the media and telecommunications sectors has been one of the most triple-crown economic sectors in Chinas dramatic economic growth, these sectors continue to po se the biggest risk of crisis for the Chinese state authorities

Emerging Accounting Issues Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

emerging be Issues - Research Paper ExampleThese issues are supposed to be in line with the FASB Accounting Standards Codification. This paper seeks to the highlight the role of EITF and its relationship with entrepreneurial entities in the US. Question 1 The EITF was designed to air out the implementation guidance of sound invoice principles within the framework of the Accounting Standards Codification (ASC). This was meant to reduce transmutation on a timely basis, and to minimize the need for the FASB to put effort and spend time in addressing narrow implementation, and application (Wahlen, Jones, & Pagach, 2012). The EITF was meant to create more space for the FASB to delegate on other issues while the EITF dealt with coherent emerging issues that can be analyzed within the GAAP. A common relationship that exists between the FASB and EITF apart from the fact that EITF was formed from the recommendations of the FASB is the EIFT members. Members of this agency are drawn from a cross section of the FASB work perpetrate in its various constituencies. These personnel include preparers, auditors and financial statement users. The EITF is designed to act as a taskforce that constitutes individuals with the ability to identify emerging issues before they manifest themselves as widespread divergent practices that become entrenched. This is to moderate that accounting principles and practices that do not serve the opera hat interests of the frequent are not left unregulated. This gives the EITF sanction to institute regulatory measures and protocols that ensure a certain business entity adheres to standard practice. The responsibilities of the EITF are tandem with those of the FASB in the sense that actions that cannot be accomplished by EITF are taken up by the FASB. EITFs authority in finding resolutions is pegged on its ability to identify emerging accounting and financial issues in a timely manner in order affect its regulatory role competently (Brag g, 2012). The agencys resolution formulation is founded on the principles of consultative dialogue with the stakeholders and relevant professionals in the fields of financial accounting. To this end, EITF holds public meetings regularly to deliberate on new issues and receive input from proposals and recommendations it ought to make. As defined by its composition, the EIFT best practices, proposals and recommendations are viewed as the best for the benefit of the public good. Constitution of accountants from large accounting firms means that in all the current trends in practice are cognizant with EITFs responsibilities and functions. EITF achieves effective resolution of emerging issues by specifically developing answers and solutions to each emerging issue. This is because experienced observation has led to the conclusion that the development of an include remedial strategy does not guarantee overall effectiveness. Best practice and resolution of emerging accounting issues indiv idually has been cited as the best way EITF effectiveness and efficiency. Question 2 The EITF issue No. 13-C is pertain with the presentation of unrecognized taxation benefit when a net operating loss carry-forward or tax credit carry-forward exists (Hyman, 2010). During the presentation of a statement of financial position, revelation of unrecognized tax benefits on income tax is not explicitly mandatory. There exist diverse practices when it comes to the revelation

Determining the Status of an Independent Contractor and Taxes Essay

Determining the Status of an Independent Contractor and Taxes - Essay ensampleAvoiding valuatees is not the primary goal of an breakaway contractor but they know if they argon classified as employees they suffer some consequences. Some of the consequences angiotensin converting enzyme suffers are that they might not be readd by the hiring firm since they these firms will be forced to pay additional expenses of treating them as employees. The aims of the firms to maximise their profit and to meet they achieve their goals, they have to ensure that they minimise their operational expenses. For this case, if an independent contractor is classified as an employee he will never be hired by the hiring firms. (Fishman, 2006)The other reason as to why the independent contractors do not need to be classified as employees is beca accustom they will add additional tax burden to themselves by being subjected to tax. Their pay will be deducted, something they would not be experiencing if the y were independent contractor. (Fishman, 2006) harmonise to Fishman (1997), the U.S Bureau of Labour Statistics shows that in U.S.A alone, there are eight million independent contractors and in the neighboring ten years, this number is expected to double.The use of independent contractors is beneficial companies that cannot afford to hire permanent employees specially small and medium ones. This is especially so for those companies that can not be able to employ a permanent employee for specialized function. For instance, a company engaged in external commerce can hire an attorney who has specialized in international trade as an independent contractor to provide international licit advice. This staffing approach is more affordable than employee a permanent employee and for this case due to the item that this attorneys profit will not be taxed, then it does not mean he want to avoid salaried the tax. 1Permanent employees have been given a great deal of job security by European l aws and because of these laws, the economic uncertainty has forced employers to use short-term contracts than using permanent drill. These short-term contracts are the use of independent contract and statistics shows that this tread is on the increase. In every five employees in France, one is on part-time contract 30 percent of workforce in Britain is on temporary employment in Spain, for every ten jobs created, seven of them are on temporary basis and the ban on private temporary employment agencies has been lifted in Germany. These statistics shows that there is great rise in the use of independent contractors in many European countries. The use of independent contractors has become popular since it reduces costs and legal requirements imposed on termination or lay off of employment in Europe. Due to the fact that the temporary employees hired by companies under temporary employment does not mean that they are avoiding gainful taxes since they employment is being dictated by ci rcumstances. (Templeman, 1996)Independent contractors results in cost savings which include lessen book keeping and payroll preparations costs, avoidance of taxes, reduced fringe benefits, elimination of workers compensation benefits, elimination of overtime pay, decreased administrative burdens and reduction in capital and maintenance costs if the independent contractors provides their own tools and equipment. (Bureau of guinea pig Affairs, 1994 Stalnaker, 1993).Even though independent contr

Cost and Benefits of Internal Recruitment for ACE Media Group Essay

Cost and Benefits of Internal Recruitment for ACE Media assort - Essay ExampleACE Media Group will also save training and recruitment costs as the employee recruited will non take aim intensive training to perform his or her duties as a project lead in Malaysia. The theater director will only need to acclimatize to the foreign business environment but will not struggle to acquaint himself with the policies of the firm. The approach is also beneficial to the organization as it is much easier. The HR recruitment team will have access to sufficient information on potential candidates from its various branches across the world such as Sydney, UK, France Singapore and China. The availability of the information pool will make the pickax process easier. In addition, internal recruitment will also facilitate succession planning. ACE Media group will incur several costs associated with internal recruitment. First, they would bear the opportunity costs linked to recruiting grey-headed talent who lack new perspectives acquired from outside the organization. Being that ACE Media Group is a big business, it is achievable that internal politics will arise among interests groups, and this whitethorn jeopardize the unity of workers. Internal recruitment may not help in turning the company around as the recruited employee will tend to annoy to the usual strategies and stale ideas due to inbreeding within the firm. External recruitment may bring to the company a new employee possibly a Malaysian who may not facilitate quick settlement in the foreign market due to local politics and prejudice.

The Communication of Window Displays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Communication of Window Displays - Essay ExampleHenry Selfridge, the owner of Selfridge retail merchant store and the initiator of visual merchandising understood the signifi offert of window divulge. Thus, he came up with mod window designs in order to communicate to customers on the available brand offered in the Selfridge store. The creative theatre director of Burberry store (London-Regent Street), Christopher Bailey also came with innovative ideas for communicating to the grass overpers about the brands available in the store. Selfridges and Burberry are among the fashion retail merchant companies that employ window displays strategy in order to increase sales in the highly hawkish global market.Bhalla and Anuraag (2010, p.145) argue that wherein gratification precedes loyalty, retailers have learn that it is through being smart that one can achieve success in the highly competitive market. Therefore, retailers attempt to use window displays as a strategy of communica ting to the consumer about the products and services they deliver to them. Selfridges London and Burberry use window display in order to communicate at physical interfaces with the consumer right from the point of sighting the store or the shop. The show of window display is to catch the attention of the consumer at the store front and entice him or her into the shop thus creating enough interest for him or her to make a consumption decision. This technique of window display is known as visual marketing hence, retailers use this technique to deliver a differentiated and shop experience. Visual marketing technique plays significant role in shopper acquisition and customer loyalty, in which a lot of efforts and expenditure are invested (Bhalla and Anuraag 2010, p.145).Additionally, window displays create first impressions of the retailer stores and its offering through tactical communication. For instance, Selfridges London and Burberry retailers use art and visual communication desi gns or images for sustaining the preference of the

Gender Roles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Gender Roles - Essay ExampleThe approach evaluates the union at a macro-level while focusing on social structures much(prenominal) as sex roles that shape the hunting lodge as a whole. It addresses the society as a whole by considering by considering its constituent elements such as traditions, norms, institutions, and customs. Herbert Spenser popularized the analogy that presents parts of the society, for example, gender, as organs that function together for the human body to be normal (Magar).Gender roles from a functionalist perspective were articulated in early 1950s. The theory suggests that differences in gender roles are an efficient way of creating divisions in labor. The division, therefore, aims at maximizing the use of resources, as well as, the aptitude of the societys system. The perspective views the predefined roles as complementary. Men will provide for the families while women manage homes. Gender, therefore, contributes to the societys stability, in the same w ay, as other social institutions (Magar).The functional prerequisites refer to the basic demand such as shelter and clothing that people require to live beyond the poverty line. In a similar way, the functional prerequisite also refers to factors that help take for society order. Gender roles maintain social order by ensuring that the basic needs people need in the society are available

Progressive Era through the Great Depression Research Paper

Progressive Era through the Great Depression - query Paper ExampleHowever, considerable achievements were realized during the period of the Great Depression. Examples of theses said gains are the establishment of the UN focussing on women status (Pierre, 2000). These movements fashioned the foundation for the authentic advances in women rights that are being witnessed in the current confederacy. The second event this paper will expound is the stock market fragmentise of 1929. The crash has been oft cited as among the worst stock market crash in the history of United States. Its impact was so massive it took the American economy approximately ten years to recover from this fallout. This stock market crash was preceded by a nine year steady rise of the American economy. The magnitude and implications of this crash warrants its sort as a significant turning point in the period of discussion. 2) 911 attacks and Terri Schiavo The current America society has witnessed several turnin g points, be it in the economic, political or cultural perspective. However, none rivals the power of the kinfolk Eleven attacks as a turning point. These attacks, more than ever, brought to the public light the vanity of American subject field security forces. It demonstrated just how susceptible the American people were to foreign attack. These attacks instigated radical reforms to the American authorities and subsequently the introduction of comprehensive security measures (Lionel, Baron & Murray, 2005). ... Terry Schiavo was left to die of starvation and dehydration that culminated in her bleeding to death (Randall, 1998). It is an appalling act that has put the human rights advancement in jeopardy. This adept incident has the power to portray Americans as people with complete disregard for human life. Terry Schiavo was a responsive woman whose state of incapacitation signed her death warrant. The limit of public outcry that followed her death depicts the extent to which t his was a gross act of negligence (Randall, 1998). 3) Why western sandwich states first There exists no substantiated argument as to the reason why western states were more accepting of women suffrage as compared to their east counterparts. However, there are some claims that appear to be more coherent than the rest. The western states had more male deathrate rates as compared to the eastern regions (Thomas, Hall & David, 2009). As such, women were forced, by circumstances, to adopt a more self-assertive role in their lives. As such, they put themselves in the frontier. This then necessitated their suffrage to be accepted if the western states were to survive. An additional elucidation can be sourced from the relative lower women demographic as compared to the eastern states. The eastern states could afford to dominate their women as they were plenty in supply. However, the western states did not have this luxury. Therefore, they had to institute reforms that would charm the fe male population to migrate into their region. These reforms majorly included the creation of an enabling environment for women suffrage. This rationale is the more logical one in the class of

Recruitment At Richer Sounds Essay Example for Free

Recruitment At Richer Sounds actJohn Clayton is the training and recruitment director at bottom the business. His two key areas are the colleague stick up or the recruitment/training office. He take to the woodss closely with the manager of colleague support, Tracey Armstrong.Richer Sounds personal views on RecruitmentRicher Sounds always tries to recruit people who have friendly personalities and like to enjoy their work. The confederacy looks for these keys on candidates rather than much of their grades because norm tot solelyyy these people normally start to work as a gross revenue person or work in the support department. The promotion policy in Richer Sounds enables efficiently working colleagues to be promoted up in the company rather than recruiting new employees who have no understanding within the business. Richer Sounds only recruit employees if they need someone who has the skills to do particular work such as professed(prenominal) in I.T.How Richer Sounds adver tise for new colleaguesWithin every edition of the in- gillyflower catalogue and website they advertise their vacancies, these vacancies are commonly for needs of new sales person or need new employees to work in the departments. This generates ongoing application from many interested people. If there are no vacancies at that time then they play along all record of people who applied, for about six months.Colleagues are also able to advice his/hers friends o relatives to work in the company, however these applicants should also follow the same rule of application as all a nonher(prenominal) people.These adverts causes the company to save major amount of money each time because if they would unloose it on the newspaper publisher everytime then they would have to pay certain amount to the newspaper company therefore this idea of having to publish on their catalogues and website is good idea. If the company doesnt receive any phone call from any people regarding the duty then fin ally the company will have to publish it on the newspapers.For specialist employees to recruit the company notifies the vacancy to the employment agency.The recruitment process at richer soundsThe recruitment process is shown on the following steps Identify any vacancies within the business Advertise the vacancies The company the looks through all the CVs relevant to that store or department They schedule for interviews with appropriate store or department manager. In Richer Sound all managers have completed their Managers Development Course and while doing they also received training on interview, how to interview a candidate. The applicant which is been successful is been given a trial day to work at richer sounds If all the interview and trial day is completed and the candidates are successful then the candidates can both drive an application form which states that he/she is agreeing to work with richer sounds. Next all these new candidates have to meet either Jez Avens, Joh n Clayton or Lee Nelson for their final approval When the company receives the application form, the business then sends these forms for references and as the candidate gets one or more good reference he/she is offered the job. They then write a letter to the candidate, which also includes the statement of terms of employment. Final step for the company is to send off garner to all candidates given an interview regarding that they have given this job to someone. This is given so the candidates would know if he/she would get the job.The company policy and rulesRicher sounds have several policies on recruitment so they do not operate within the law but also operate truthfully. These include The companys equal opportunities statement. The test shouldnt film high level of English Richer Sounds never ask a woman about their family

Suspension Bridge Essay Example for Free

Suspension Bridge EssayWhat is meant by good luck nosepiece?A suspension distich is a type of bridge in which the deck (the load-bearing portion) is hung below suspension cables on straight suspenders. Outside Tibet and Bhutan, where the first examples of this type of bridge were built in the 15th century, this type of bridge dates from the primeval 19th century. Bridges without erect suspenders have a long history in many rough parts of the world.Structure of suspension bridge This type of bridge has cables suspended in the midst of towers, plus vertical suspender cables that carry the pack of the deck below, upon which traffic crosses. This arrangement allows the deck to be level or to arc upward for additional clearance. Like other suspension bridge types, this type often is constructed without fictional work. Can a suspension bridge be considered as a work on parabola? Yes, a suspension bridge squirt be called a work on parabola. As a suspension bridge is intente d on parabola as the bridge is also in the U shaped assure as we can see it in our project. Parabola is a curved conical shaped open figure. Parabola can be defined in different ways. First, it is the graph of any quadratic function of the form y = ax2 + bx + c. Another way though, is to define it as the collection of all points that are equidistant from a contr everyplacesy and a point not on the border. A parabola is a curve, much like a U shape. The to the highest degree simple parabola is y = x2.More info about parabola and suspension bridge many facts about parabola and suspension bridge-The vertical line passing through the vertex is called the axis of symmetry. The eq. for the line is where D=0 Quadratic formula if ax2 + bx + c = 0 then x=-bb2-4ac2aBasic design of parabolic bridge-Dutch scientist Christian Huygens believed that two cables running between two towers could avow weight that was much greater than its own weight. The cables suspended between the two towers na turally took the shape of a parabola. The parabolic shape of the cable is created not only by gravity but also by the coalescence and tension forces acting on the bridge. Todays scientists believe that this is the most efficient design because it requires the least amount of materials to support a heavy load. The modern suspension bridge is composed of a deck, supports, foundations, long wire cables and hangers. in vogue(p) Research on Suspension Bridges-Research on structural topology optimization on a suspension tie parabolic cable has shown that it is possible to increase its capacity to withstand compressive forces. In order to help stabilize suspension bridge over, truss systems are used. The truss system helps the deck live on bending, twisting and swaying.DO you KNOWThe longest suspension bridge in the world (as of 2010) is the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge in Kobe, Japan. It opened in 1998 and spans an incredible 1991 meters (6529 feet)Suspension Bridges Design technologySuspen sion bridges in their simplest form were originally made from rope and wood. Modern suspension bridges use a nook section roadway supported by high tensile strength cables. In the early 19th century, suspension bridges used iron chains for cables. The high tensile cables used in most modern suspension bridges were introduced in the late nineteenth century. Today, the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together. Steel, which is very strong under tension, is an ideal material for cables a single steel wire, only 0.1 inch thick, can support over half a ton without breaking.Light, and strong, suspension bridges can span distances from 2,000 to 7,000 feet far longer than any other kind of bridge. They are ideal for finishbusy waterways.With any bridge project the choice of materials and form usually comes down to cost. Suspension bridges tend to be the most expensive to build. A suspension bridge suspends the roadway from huge of import cables, whi ch extend from one end of the bridge to the other. These cables rest on top of high towers and have to be securely anchored into the bank at either end of the bridge. The towers enable the main cables to be draped over long distances. Most of the weight or load of the bridge is transferred by the cables to the anchorage systems. These are imbedded in either solid rock or huge concrete blocks. Inside the anchorages, the cables are spread over a large area to evenly distribute the load and to prevent the cables from breaking free.Suspension bridge construction that allows automobiles to travel between two points separated by an obstacle. Side span segment between two pylons at the ends of a bridge. Centre span segment between two pylons at the warmness of a bridge. Side pylon tower-like vertical construction situated at the side, usually supporting the cables of a suspension bridge or a cable-stayed bridge. Foundation of a pylon very durable freeze off part of a tower.Suspender supp ort cable.Suspension cable set of braided wire that supports a bridge. Pylon tower-like vertical support that usually supports the cables of a suspension bridge or a cable-stayed bridge. stiffen girder tightener beam

Human behavior theories Essay Example for Free

Human behavior theories EssayWorking as a confed agetion facilitator is all about empowering and facilitating change inwardly individuals and communities. As their practice facilitators train to identify every challenges and tap with the communities to look at counselings of solving these problems together. This past requires first for the facilitator to find out why these challenges or problems come about in the first maneuver. Theories argon designed to downstairsstand human development, identity and approaches to practice. They garter turn complicated human, doingsal and well-disposed singularities into ideas that argon more accessible. It can be said then that theories provide a basis for brain and reflecting on what we do which then helps us help communities on a micro, mezzo and macro levels. This essay will look at two of the human behaviour theories and how they help us understand and work with our communities (that we as facilitators serve) better. 2. DEFI NITION OF TERMS 2. 1. Theory According to (Body, 2014) A scheme is a logical system of concepts that helps to explain why roundthing happens in a particular way and to predict outcomes.This call backs that by preparing their practice on theory, this leads a facilitator to get a better understanding of his/her own task, do some goal planning and besides anticipate whatever outcomes there may be. 2. 2. Community Communities are unique with regard to the people in them, place, interaction meaning. According to (Heaven, 2014) While we traditionally think of a conjunction as the people in a given geographical location, the intelligence activity can really refer to any group sharing something in common. This could too mean any small geographical areas from e. g. a neighbourhood, ho exploitation project or development to any corporation with a large geographically-defined community. 3. HUMAN BEHAVIOR THEORIES3. 1. Social Construction Social reflexion is influential in changing gr ounded theory. As a way of trying to understand the social world, social verbal expression views friendship as being 2 remodeled (as the name suggests) instead of being created. In this theory communities are seen as alternating between both subjective and object human race. Past theorists believed that knowledge is beliefs in which people countenance rational confidence, a common sense of understanding and consensual nonion as to what is knowledge. Social construction came about as a way to deal with the nature of world.It has its origins in sociology and has been linked with the modern era of qualitative research. Reality is it may be something that we are not even aware of. Things like segregation according to what gender, race and class you are a just basic examples of social construction. These things only eat meaning because society gives them meaning. According to Tom Andrews (2014) Constructionists view knowledge and truth as created not discovered by the mind and supports the view that being a realist is not inconsistent with being a constructionist.A person can believe that concepts are constructed other than being discovered yet relate to something in the real world. This is consistent with an idea that was put out that reality is socially defined but this mavin referred to the subjective experience of everyday life as opposed to the objective reality of the natural world.As Steedman (2000) said, most of what is known and most of the knowing that is through with(p) is concerned with trying to develop sense of what it is to be human, as opposed to scientific knowledge. Individuals or communities decide or rather create this reality one may then ask how this reality or knowledge emerges or how it comes to have importee for society to which social constructionists may answer as they view knowledge as being created by the interactions of individuals within society which is at the centre of social construction as a theory.Andrews (2014) be lieves that subjective reality is brought about by the interaction of people with their social world and with this social world influencing them it results to routines and habits. That is to say that any regularly repeated action becomes a pattern which at some point can be done without much effort needed. With time this forms a sort of store of knowledge which is passed on to future(a) generations which is then subjective reality. 3 Society gives you and identity from birth.Our identities as people come not from the inside but from the social sphere. Conversation is the main way of maintaining, modifying and reconstructing subjective reality. It compromises notions that are shared unproblematically between the communities so much so that these notions need not be defined each time they are employ in conversation and come to assume reality. 3. 2. Examples of Social Construction The most common of all social constructions is that of men and women.Men are required (by society) to ha ve qualities such as control, efficiency, toughness and coolness under emotional distress whilst women on the other hand are said to be the fragile amongst the two with qualities such as inefficiency, emotional expressiveness, caring and mutuality. This is what society has deemed as normal over the years which is what gives the bout of Patriarchy versus Matriarchy in this modern generation. Women today believe that they are more than able to do whatever the men can do and sometimes do it even better. It is clear though that in societys opinion of gender that men should hold all the power.LauraFlores (2012) is quoted as saying power looks sexy on men, not on women. But this could be seen as having a double meaning. new(prenominal) than the obvious meaning we get, it could in any case mean that women are seen as unable to learn the skills or unable to do whatever a man can do as well. Feminists have been fighting solid battles in order to change this thinking and they have succe eded in changing some peoples minds but the in the traditional societies, mostly in the rural areas this social construction of men and women is fluent very much evident.Men still go out to provide for the family while the women is expected to plosive behind and take care of the children and the home. One other example one could use is that of the social construction of gender. This is slightly different from the previous example used. When a baby is brought into the world the first thing that the convolute will look at is the babys sexual category (whether they are male or female) and this is where this social construction begins. Immediately after they are classified as boy or young lady the parents then fall into this shared mechanism by dressing them in colours that are assign for their gender.Flores says the normal thing to do in this case would be for the 4 baby girl to be dressed in pink and the baby boys to be dressed in blue. You dont want to be seen as weird for dress ing your baby girl in blue or your baby boy in pink, right? Society has put aside colours as some of the symbols that differentiate between boys and girls. Children will then grow like this and then start to try to be like the people who are the same gender as them, girls should start acting like their mum and boys act like their daddy. Each one will be expected to dress or act in a certain way (as in the first example) but such things are what leads to stereotypes.3. 3. Asset base Community Approach 3. 3. 1. What is Asset Based Community Approach (ABCD)? Asset Based Community Development (ABCD) is an approach for sustainable community development. The basis of ABCD is that it believes that communities can develop themselves by recognizing and using existing but often hidden assets to create economic opportunities. It builds those already existing assets in the community and gets individuals, associations and institutions to band together to build on their assets instead of focusi ng on their needs. It is a naturally absolute approach.A large amount of time is spent in trying to identify the assets within a particular community whether it be from individuals, institutions and associations before they are then organised to build on them to the returns of the community as a whole. The basic key as mentioned above is to use what is already in the community. The ABC approach aims to change peoples view that their needs can only be met by an outsider (professional). When it comes to working with the community, a facilitator who applies the ABCD approach should be adamant about stepping back and allow the community figure things out for themselves.They enlist the help of associations that are within the community in equipment casualty of the community development approach and additional support. However Community driven development is mostly done by outside agencies instead of networks that exist in the community already. 3. 3. 2. Discussion on ABCD ABCD pulls out the strengths and weaknesses within a communitys shared history as a starting point for change. come forth of all the assets that a community may 5 have ABCD focuses on the assets that are deep grow in social relationships and sees them as being both evident in both formal and loose networks and associations.It believes that everyone in the community has something to offer and that no one can be said to unimportant. ABCD view individuals as being as being at the centre of it all. The residents of the community has gifts and skills which they can out on the table. These need to be recognized and noted as in community development you cant do anything with peoples needs but only their assets. Needs are only valuable to institutions. Institutions are groups of people (usually professionals) who share a common interest out of their own choice.These could be agencies or schools and so forth these institutions help the community get resources and that in turn gives them a sense of c ivic responsibility. In name of assets one could include physical assets such as land, space, funds etc. as they withal could be used. 3. 3. 3. How is it facilitated in communities? As mentioned above ABCD is the development of self-mobilisation for change. This development has been implemented in many communities. The task for any agency that comes into a community such as NGOs is how to put in place this development in other communities without creating a sense of dependency.There are different methods that are facilitated by NGOs in communities for ABCD. Methods such as Collecting stories whereby they build confidence, informal discussions and interview that also have the goal of drawing out peoples experiences. Success in this will also enable them to uncover any gifts, skills, talents and assets that people in the community may have. purpose the capacities and assets of individuals, associations and local institutions. Mapping is more than just gathering data on the communit y.It is of importance that you let the community and institutions d the mathematical function for themselves as they build new relationships, learn more about help and talents of other community members and also see any connections between different assets. 6 CONCLUSION Understanding a community is life-and-death to being able to work in it. Failing to understand it will deny you credibility and make it difficult for you both to connect with community members and to negotiate the twists and turns of starting and implementing a community initiative or intervention. Social constructionism places great emphasis on everyday interactions between people and how they use language to construct their reality.It regards the social practices people engage in as the focus of enquiry.This is very similar to the focus of grounded theory but without the emphasis on language. Social constructionism that views society as existing both as objective and subjective reality is fully compatible with cl assical grounded theory, unlike constructionist grounded theory which takes a relativist position. The ABCD is a musical accompaniment the more known needs-based approach. Instead of focusing on what the communities do not have, ABCD looks at what they have to offer. It not only creates a chance for the community to play a part in but they also lead the community planning process.The ABCD is always successful in getting individual participation in the projects in brings to their communities. 7 REFERENCE LIST Andrews, T (2012). What is social constructionism? ONLINE Available at http//groundedtheoryreview. com/2012/06/01/what-is-social-constructionism/ . Last Accessed 26 direful 2014. Body, A. (n. d. ). Theories apply in Social Work Practice. ONLINE Available at http//www. socialworkdegree. net/theories-used-in-social-work-practice/ . Last Accessed 26 August 2014. Cunningham, G and Mathie, A. (2002).Asset Based Community Development- An Overview. ONLINE. Available at http//www. sy nergos.org/knowledge/o2/abcdoverview. htm . Last Accessed 26 August 2014. Flores, L (2012). What is social construction? ONLINE Available at http//oakes. ucsc. edu/academics/Core %20Course/oakes-core-awards-2012/laura-flores. html .Last Accessed 26 August 2014. Hampton, C and Heaven C (n. d. ). Section 2. Understanding and Describing the Community. ONLINE Available at http//ctb. ku. edu/en/table-of-contents/assessment/assessing-community-needs-a nd-resources/describe-the-community/main . Last Accessed 26 August 2014. Simmons staff. (n. d. ). Theories Used in Social Work Practice. ONLINE Available at http//socialwork.simmons. edu/theories-used-social-work-practice/ . Last Accessed 26 August 2014. Steedman, P. (2000).On the relations between seeing, interpreting and knowing. London Sage. Suttles G, D. (1972). The social construction of communities. 1st ed. Illinois University of Chicago Press. Vance S. C. (1989). Social construction theory problems in the history of sexuality. 1st ed. Amsterdam An Dekker. 8 Varien M, D Potter, M. J, (2008). The Social Construction of Communities Agency, Structure, and Identity in the Prehispanic southwesterly (Archaeology in Society). 1st Ed. New York Rowman and Littlefield publishers.

A Review on Reading Theories and Its Implication to the Teaching of Reading Essay Example for Free

A Re ascertain on Reading Theories and Its centre to the program line of Reading EssayAbstr chip Opini dan masukan untuk peningkatan pengajaran membaca kepada pembelajar bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa asing, baik yang didasarkan pada hasil penelitian maupun pengalaman, tersedia sangat b whateverak dalam kepustakaan pengajaran bahasa. Tulisan ini merupakan sebuah rangkuman atas berbagai teori, temuan dan pendapat tentang pengajaran membaca. Pemahaman terhadap topik-topik terse however, terutama tentang teori top-down, bottom-up, dan meta-cognitive, diharapkan dapat dijadikan landasan untuk meningkatkan teknik pengajaran membaca.Dengan demikian, kemahiran membaca para pembelajar bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa asing dapat ditingkatkan secara signifikan. Kata Kunci top-down, bottom-up, schemata, meta-cognitive, pre- version, during- construe, afterward- construe Introduction Among the four speech skills, study material is perhaps the to a greater extent or less enormously and in tensively studied by experts in the field of verbi fester teaching. The results of the researches conducted for many decades on nature of rentinghow people learn to passage school schoolbookual learning train contributed contrasting theories close what works best in the teaching of discipline.As a result, verbiage educators post choose among a wide variety of teaching methods and techniques for students discipline to read in their molybdenum language (SL) or external language (FL). For students who atomic number 18 scholarship a SL/FL reading is the most crucial skill to master call adequate to several reasons. First, students can usually perform at a higher level in reading than in any other skills. They can quite accurately substantiate written materials that they could non hash verboten orally or in writing with equivalent accuracy or thoroughness.Such condition allow undoubtedly enhance their motivation to learn. Second, reading necessitates truly min imum requirements. Different from speaking which requires opportunities to interact with fit out partner, or from writing which needs a lot of guidance and time to practice, reading necessitates only a text edition edition and motivation. Third, reading is a service skill. After learning how to read effectively, students exit be sufficient to learn effectively by reading.Realizing how crucial reading is for our students, we can see the great importance of create their reading ability. To achieve it, we should improve our reading lessons by implementing the best method and techniques provided by theories. This article aims to get out principal theories of reading and examine some tips and guidelines for implementing a speculation of reading which testament do us develop our students abilities. Theories of Reading So far, there argon ternary main(prenominal) theories which explain the nature of learning to read.First, the traditional theory, or bottom up processing, which foc usanced on the printed form of a text. (2) the cognitive come across, or top-down processing enhanced the authority of background intimacy in addition to what appeared on the printed page. Third, the metacognitive view, which is found on the control and manipulation that a reviewer can have on the act of get acrossing a text, and thus, emphasizes the involvement of the contributors thinking approximately what he is doing while reading. 1. The traditional bottom-up view.The traditional bottom-up come on to reading was influenced by behaviorist psychology of the 1950s, which claimed learning was cup of tead upon habit formation, brought about by the repeated association of a stimulus with a response and language learning was characterized as a response system that humans acquire through automatic conditioning processes, where some patterns of language are reinforced (rewarded) and others are not, and only those patterns reinforced by the community of language drillrs l ead outride (Omaggio 1993, 45-46). behaviourism became the butt of the audio-lingual method, which sought to form second language habits through drilling, repetition, and error correction. Today, the main method associated with the bottom-up salute to reading is known as phonics, which requires the learner to match letters with sounds in a defined sequence. According to this view, reading is a linear process by which commentators decode a text word by word, linking the words into phrases and then sentences (Gray and Rogers, cited in Kucer 1987).According to Samuels and Kamil (1988 25),the emphasis on behaviourism treated reading as a word-recognition response to the stimuli of the printed words, where little attempt was made to explain what went on deep down the recesses of the mind that allowed the human to hold sense of the printed page. In other words, textual intimacy involves adding the conveys of words to get the meanings of clauses (Anderson 1994). These lower level skills are connected to the visual stimulus, or print, and are because concerned with recognizing and recalling. Like the audio-lingual teaching method, phonics emphasizes on repetition and on drills using the sounds that involve up words.Information is received and processed vexning with the smallest sound units, and proceeded to letter blends, words, phrases, and sentences. Thus, novice readers acquire a rig of hierarchically ordered sub-skills that sequentially build toward intuition ability. Having mastered these skills, readers are viewed as experts who comprehend what they read. The bottom-up model describes education flow as a series of stages that transforms the input and passes it to the nigh stage without any feedback or possibility of later stages of the process influencing earlier stages (Stanovich, 1980).In other words, language is viewed as a code and the readers main task is to identify graphemes and convert them into ph geniusmes. Consequently, readers are re garded as resistless recipients of information in the text. Meaning resides in the text and the reader has to reproduce it. The ESL and EFL textbooks influenced by this perspective intromit exercises that focus on literal science and give little or no importance to the readers knownity or experience with the field of operation matter, and the only fundamental interaction is with the basic building blocks of sounds and words. some activities are based on recognition and recall of lexical and grammatical forms with an emphasis on the perceptual and decryption dimension. This model of reading has almost always been under attack as being scrimpy and defective for the main reason that it relies on the chunk features of the language, mainly words and structure. Although it is possible to accept this rejection for the event that there is over-reliance on structure in this view, it must be confessed that fellowship of linguistic features is besides unavoidable for comprehension to take place.To counteract over-reliance on form in the traditional view of reading, the cognitive view was introduced. 2. The Cognitive View (top-down processing) In the 1960s a paradigm shift give-up the ghostred in the cognitive sciences. Behaviorism became somewhat discredited as the modernistic cognitive theory represented the minds naive capacity for learning, which gave new-sprung(prenominal) explanatory power to how humans acquired their first language this also had a painful involve on the field of ESL/EFL as psycholinguists explained how such internal representations of the foreign language develop within the learners mind (Omaggio, 1993 57).Ausubel (cited in Omaggio, 1993 58), made an heavy distinction between meaningful learning and rote learning. An example of rote learning is simply memorizing lists of isolated words or rules in a new language, where the information becomes temporary and subject to loss. Meaningful learning, on the other hand, occurs when new information is presented in a relevant context and is related to what the learner already knows, so that it can be easy integrated into ones existing cognitive structure.A learning that is not meaningful lead not become permanent. This emphasis on meaning eventually informed the top-down approach to L2 learning, and in the 1960s and 1970s there was an explosion of teaching methods and activities that strongly considered the experience and knowledge of the learner. These new cognitive and top-down processing approaches revolutionized the conception of the way students learn to read (Smith, 1994).In this view, reading is not respectable extracting meaning from a text but a process of connecting information in the text with the knowledge the reader brings to the act of reading. In this sense, reading is a dialogue between the reader and the text which involves an sp right only cognitive process in which the readers background knowledge plays a key role in the creation of meaning ( Tierney and Pearson, 1994). Reading is not a passive mechanical activity but utilizationful and rational, dependent on the prior knowledge and expectations of the reader.It is not merely a matter of decoding print to sound but also a matter of do sense of written language (Smith, 1994 2). In short, reading is a psycholinguistic guessing game, a process in which readers sample the text, make hypotheses, confirm or reject them, make new hypotheses, and so forth. Schema Theory Another theory closely related to top-down processing called schema theory also had a major impact on reading instruction.It describes in detail howthe background knowledge of the learner interacts with the reading task and illustrates how a students knowledge and preceding(prenominal) experience with the world is crucial to deciphering a text. The ability to use this schemata, or background knowledge, plays a funda moral role in ones trial to comprehend a text. Schema theory is based on the notion that early (prenominal) experiences lead to the creation of mental frameworks that help a reader make sense of new experiences.Smith (1994 14) calls schemes the extensive representations of more(prenominal) general patterns or regularities that occur in our experience. For instance ones generic scheme of an sheet will allow him to make sense of airplane he has not previously flied with. This means that past experiences will be related to new experiences, which may include the knowledge of objects, situations, and events as well as knowledge of procedures for retrieving, organizing and interpreting information (Kucer, 1987 31).Anderson (1994 469) presents research showing that recall of information in a text is affected by the readers schemata and explains that a reader comprehends a message when he is able to bring to mind a schema that gives written makeup of the objects and events described in the message. Comprehension is the process of activating or constructing a schema that provides a coherent explanation of objects and events mentioned in a dialogue (Anderson, 1994 473).For Anderson and Pearson (1988 38), comprehension is the interaction between old and new information. They emphasize To say that one has comprehended a text is to say that she has found a mental home for the information in the text, or else that she has modify an existing mental home in order to accommodate that new information. Therefore, a learners schemata will restructure itself to accommodate new information as that information is added to the system (Omaggio, 1993). contented and formal schemata.Schema theorists differentiate formal schemata (knowledge about the structure of a text) from content schemata (knowledge about the subject matter of a text), and a readers prior knowledge of both schemata enables him to predict events and meaning as well as to infer meaning from a wider context. Formal schemata refers to the way that texts differ from one another for example, a reading text c ould be a fictional work, a letter to the editor, or a scientific essay, and each genre will have a different structural organization. friendship of these genre structures can aid reading comprehension, as it gives readers a basis for predicting what a text will be like (Smith 1994). For example, if a reader knows that the typical format of a research article consists of sections subtitled Introduction, theoretical Basis, Methods, Results, Discussion, and Conclusion, that knowledge will facilitate their interaction with the article and boost comprehension. On the other hand, if he is not familiar with this formal schema, teaching it to him could lead to improved reading ability with lasting and beneficial effects. message schemata refers to the message of the text. Ones familiarity with the content will make more productive and efficient. As Anderson (1994 469) explains, a reader comprehends a message when he is able to bring to mind a schema that gives account of the objects and e vents described in the message. Activating and building schemata Since the reader plays a fundamental role in the construction of meaning, his age, gender, experience, and culture are important considerations for teachers who want to select readings that will motivate their students.Anderson (1994) notes that when readers cannot locate a schema that fits a text, they may find it incomprehensible. In some cases readers may not have a schema that is significant to the text, or they may need help to detonate the pertinent schema to be able to comprehend the text. In such cases it may not be possible for the reader to understand the text, and the teacher must be ready to engage in building new background knowledge as well as activating existing background knowledge (Carrell, 1988 248).In parallel with this, Bransford (1994) points out that difficulties in comprehension may be caused by the lack of background knowledge presumed by the text, and he sees the responsibility of instructors as being twofold to activate preexisting schemata and to help students to integrate isolated parcels of knowledge into a schema or to build a new one. If the texts to be read fit a cultural context that is different from the students, the issues of formal and content schemata become even more important.McDonough (1995), explains that, to a higher extent, this is the reason why ESL and EFL students find it difficult to read in a second language with texts that contain cultural assumptions of the target culture. They may lack the culture-specific background knowledge necessary to process the text in a top-down manner. His reports on several studies demonstrate how people outside a presumptuousness culture may misunderstand events with unfamiliar cultural connotations. (Students from different cultural backgrounds taking standardized tests which capture common schemata for will also face the same problem.)Applying schema theory to L2 reading Based on the aforementioned ideas, it is obvious that in order to teach reading effectively, the teachers role to activate and build schemata is paramount. To achieve it, he should in advance select texts that are relevant to the students needs, preferences, individual differences, and cultures in order to provide meaningful texts so the students understand the message, which entails activating existing schemata and helping build new schemata.Then, after selecting the text, he needs to do the following three stages of activities to activate and build the students schemata. (1) Pre-reading activities, in which the teacher have students think, write, and discuss everything they know about the topic, employing techniques such as prediction, semantic mapping, and reconciled reading. The objective is to make sure that students have the relevant schema for dread the text. (2) During-reading activities, in which the teacher guide and monitor the interaction between the reader and the text.One important skill teachers can impart at this stage is note-taking, which allows students to pen new vocabulary and important information and details, and to summarize information and record their reactions and opinions. (3)Post-reading activities which facilitate the chance to try students adequacy of interpretation, while bearing in mind that accuracy is relative and that readership must be well-thought-of as long as the authors intentions are addressed (Tierney and Pearson, 1994). Post-reading activities focus on a wide range of questions that allow for different interpretations. art object schema activation and building can occur in all three stages, the pre-reading stage deserves special attention since it is here, during the students initial contact with the text, where their schemata will be trip. Pre-reading activities Pre-reading activities is aimed to activate existing schemata, build new schemata, and provide information to the teacher about what the students know. In their report on the positive effect respective(a) pre-reading activities had on reading comprehension, Chen and Graves (1995, 664), define them as devices for bridging the gap between the texts content and the readers schemata.Various activities and materials can help the teacher introduce key vocabulary and reinforce concept association to activate both formal and content schemata. Formal schemata will be activated by employing devices such as advance organizers and overviews to persist attention to the structure of a text. The content schemata will be activated by using various pre-reading activities to help learners brainstorm and predict how the information fits in with their previous knowledge. One of the most important pre-reading activities proposed by schematic theorists is prediction.According to Goodman (1988 16), prediction is important because the brain is always anticipating and predicting as it seeks order and significance in sensory inputs. Smith (1994, 1920) defines prediction as the prior elimination of unlikely alternatives. According to him, predictions are questions the readers ask the world and comprehension is receiving the answers. He emphasizes that it is prediction that makes skilled readers effective when reading texts that contain familiar subject matter.Prediction brings potential meaning to texts, reducing ambiguity and eliminating in advance irrelevant alternatives. Thus, we are able to generate comprehensible experience from inert pages of print (Smith 1994, 18). Another pre-reading activity is previewing, where students look at titles, headings, and pictures, and read the first few paragraphs and the last paragraph these activities can then help students understand what the text is about by activating their formal and content schemata and making them familiar with the topic before they begin reading in earnest.Semantic mapping is another pre-reading activity that Carrell, Pharis, and Liberto (1989 651) describe as a expedient way to pre-teach vocabulary and to p rovide the teacher with an assessment of the students prior knowledge or schema availability on the topic. This activity asks students to brainstorm about the reading topic as the information is displayed on a graphic map. As students make associations, the map becomes a thorough summary of the concepts and vocabulary that they will encounter in the reading. It can also help build schemata and vocabulary that students do not however possess.Again, it is important to know something about the students so the selected texts contain the flake of material that is likely to be familiar and interesting to them. Reutzel (1985) proposes another eccentric person of pre-reading activity called reconciled reading lesson, which reverses the sequence presented by many textbooks where the text is followed by questions. quite, the teacher develops pre-reading questions from the questions that appear at the end of the reading. Smith (1994) criticizes comprehension exercises presented at the en d of a reading because they are like memory tests.He argues that using prior knowledge efficiently contributes to silvery readers, and he believes that there is a reciprocal relationship between visual and non-visual (prior knowledge) information the more the readers have of the latter, the less they need of the former. Although not all the post-reading questions can be easily turned into pre-reading ones, this strategy can be invaluable to activate schemata. 3. The metacognitive view According to encumber (1992), there is now no more debate on whether reading is a bottom-up, language-based process or a top-down, knowledge-based process. It is also no more problematic to accept the influence of background knowledge on readers. question has gone even come along to define the control executed by readers on their trial to understand a text. This control is what Block has referred to as meta-cognition. In the context of reading, meta-cognition involves thinking about what one is doi ng while reading. Strategic readers do not only sample the text, make hypotheses, confirm or reject them, and make new hypotheses while reading.They also involve many activities along the process of reading, whose stages can be divided into three, i.e. before reading, while reading, and after reading. The activities the readers involve before reading are to identify the purpose of the reading, identify the form or type of the text.In the second stage (while reading), they think about the general character and features of the form or type of the textsuch as trying to locate a topic sentence and follow encouraging details toward a conclusion, project the authors purpose for writing the text, choose, scan, or read in detail, make ceaselesspredictions about what will occur next based on information obtained earlier, prior knowledge, and conclusions obtained within the previous stages.Finally, in the last stage, they attempt to form a summary, conclude, or make inference of what was re ad. Guidelines for Effective inform of Reading After discussing the ideas and concepts presented in the three reading theories, we are now on the position of agreement tips and guidelines for implementing a theory of reading which will help to develop our learners abilities.These tips are arranged in three sections which are parallel with the three consecutive reading stages before reading, during reading, and after reading. Pre-Reading Tips Before the actual act of reading a text begins, some points should be regarded in order to make the process of reading more comprehensible. First, teachers need to make sure that the texts to read contain words and grammatical structures familiar to the learners. If the texts contain unfamiliar vocabulary, teachers can introduce key vocabulary in pre-reading activities that focus on language awareness, such as finding synonyms, antonyms, derivatives, or associated words.Second, teachers should make sure that the topics of texts chosen are in a ccordance with the age range, interests, sex, and background culture of the students for whom they are intended. If they are not, it is necessary to provide the necessary background information to the reader to facilitate comprehension. This activity could be carried out by letting the class members brainstorm ideas about the meaning of a title or an illustration and discuss what they know. The followings are some activities teacher can use during the pre-reading stage.These activities will not take a very long time to carry out. However, they are very effective in overcoming the common urge to start reading a text closely right away from the beginning. 1. instructor-directed pre-reading, in which some key vocabulary, ideas in the text, and the type of the text are explained. In this approach the teacher directly explains the information the students will need, including key concepts, important vocabulary, and appropriate conceptual framework.The text types are also necessary to in troduce because texts may take on different forms and hold certain pieces of information in different places. The students familiarity with the types of the text they are reading will develop their understanding of the layout of the material. Such familiarity will, in turn, enable them to focus more deeply on the parts that are more densely compacted with information. redden paying attention to the year of publication of a text, if applicable, may aid the reader in presuppositions about the text as can glancing at the name of the author. 2.Interactive activities, in which the teacher leads a handling in which he/she draws out the information students already have and interjects additional information deemed necessary to an understanding of the text to be read. Moreover, the teacher can make explicit links between prior knowledge and important information in the text. 3. Reflective activities, in which students are guided to make themselves aware of the purpose and goal for reading a certain piece of written material. At the beginning stages this can be done by the teacher, but as the reader becomes more mature this strategy can be left to the readers.For instance, the students may be guided to ask themselves, Why am I reading this text? What do I want to do or know after finished reading this? cosmos aware of their purpose and goal to read, laterin during reading activitiesthey can determine what skill(s) to employ skimming, scanning, reading for details, or critical reading. During-reading tips The activities carried out in during-reading stage consist of taking notes, reacting, predicting, selecting significant information, questioning the writers position, evaluating, and placing a text within ones own experience.These processes may be the most complex to develop in a classroom setting, the reason being that in English reading classes most attention is often paid to dictionaries, the text, and the teacher. The followings are tips that encourage active re ading. Practicing them will help the students be active readers. 1. Making predictions The students should be taught to be on the watch to predict what is going to happen next in the text to be able to integrate and combine what has come with what is to come. 2. Making selections Readers who are more proficient read selectively, continually making decisions about their reading.3. Integrating prior knowledge The schemata that have been activated in the pre-reading section should be called upon to facilitate comprehension. 4. Skipping insignificant parts A good reader will concentrate on significant pieces of information while skipping insignificant pieces. 5. Re-reading Students should be encouraged to become new to the effect of reading on their comprehension. 6. Making use of context or guessing Students should not be encouraged to define and understand every single unknown word in a text.Instead they should learn to make use of context to guess the meaning of unknown words. 7. Br eaking words into their fragment parts To keep the process of comprehension ongoing, efficient readers analyze unfamiliar words by relegate them into their affixes or bases. These parts can help them guess the meaning of a word. 8. Reading in chunks To discipline reading speed, students should get used to reading groups of words together. This act will also enhance comprehension by focusing on groups of meaning-conveying symbols simultaneously. 9.Pausing Good readers will pause at certain places while reading a text to absorb and internalize the material being read and sort out information. 10. Paraphrasing While reading texts, it may be necessary to paraphrase and interpret texts sub-vocally in order to verify what was comprehended. 11. supervise Good readers monitor their understanding to evaluate whether the text, or the reading of it, is meeting their goals. After-reading tips Post-reading activities basically depend on the purpose of reading and the type of information extr acted from the text.Barnett (1988) states that post-reading exercises first check students comprehension and then lead students to a deeper analysis of the text. In the real world the purpose of reading is not to memorize an authors point of view or to summarize text content, but rather to see into another mind, or to engage new information with what one already knows. Group discussion will help students focus on information they did not comprehend, or did comprehend correctly. Accordingly, attention will be focused on processes that lead to comprehension or miscomprehension.Generally speaking, post-reading can take the form of these various activities (1) discussing the text written/oral, (2) summarizing written/oral, (3) making questions written/oral, (3) answering questions written/oral, (4) filling in forms and charts (5) writing reading logs (6) completing a text, (7) earshot to or reading other related materials, and (7) role-playing. Conclusion Researches, opinions, and sugge stions regarding the teaching of the reading exist in extensive amount, and this summary of reading theories is by no means exhaustive.However, with a basic understanding of the theoretical basis of top-down and bottom-up processing, teachers can better take advantage of the most useful methodologies associated with the different approaches. What is important to bear in mind is that relying too much on either top-down or bottom-up processing may cause problems for beginning ESL/EFL readers therefore, to develop reading abilities, both approaches should be considered, as the meta-cognitive approach suggests.Considering my own experience in teaching reading to Indonesian students, I have found that the students who managed to read English text effectively are those who approach texts in a painful, slow, and frustrating word-by-word manner. By amend their decoding skills, they are freed to concentrate on global meanings. So, both the psycho and the linguistic aspects must be emphasize d in EFL reading classes. Bibliography Barnett, M. A. 1988. Teaching Reading in a Foreign Language. ERIC Digest. Anderson, R. 1994. Role of the readers schema in comprehension, learning, and memory. In Ruddell, Ruddell, and Singer 1994, 46982.Anderson, R. , and P. D. Pearson. 1988. A schematheoretic view of basic processes in reading comprehension. In Carrell, Devine, and Eskey 1988, 3755. Block, E. L. 1992. How They Read Comprehension Monitoring of L1 and L2 Readers. TESOL quarterly 26(2) Bransford, J. 1994. Schema activation and schema acquisition Comments on Richard C. Andersons remarks. In Rudell, Ruddell, and Singer 1994, 48395. Carrell, P. L. 1984. The effects of rhetorical organization on ESL readers. TESOL Quarterly 18 (3) 44169. _______ 1988. Interactive text processing Implications for ESL/second language reading classrooms.In Carrell, Devine, and Eskey 1988, 23959. In Carrell, Devine, and Eskey 1988, Interactive approaches to second language reading. Cambridge Cambr idge University Press. Carrell, P. L. , B. G. Pharis, and J. C. Liberto. 1989. Metacognitive strategy training for ESL reading. TESOL Quarterly 23 (4) 64778. Chen, H. , and M. Graves. 1995. Effects of previewing and providing background knowledge on Formosan college students comprehension of American short stories. TESOL Quarterly 29 (4) 66386. Goodman, K. 1988. The reading process. In Carrell, Devine, and Eskey 1988, 1121. Kucer, S. B. 1987.The cognitive base of reading and writing. In The dynamics of language learning, ed. J. Squire, 2751. Urbana, IL National Conference on Research in English. Mcdonough, S. H. 1995. Strategy and Skill in Learning a Foreign Language. New York St. Martins Press. Omaggio, M. A. 1993. Teaching language in context. Boston Heinle and Heinle. Reutzel, D. R. 1985. Reconciling Schema Theory and the Basal Reading Lesson. The Reading Teacher 39 (2) 19498. Rigg, P. 1998. The Miscue-ESL project. In Carrell, Devine, and Eskey 1988, 206220. Rudell, Ruddell, and Singer, eds. 1994, Theoretical models and processes of reading.4th ed. Newark, DE International Reading Association. Samuels, S. J. , and M. L. Kamil. 1988. Models of the Reading Process. In Carrell, Devine, and Eskey, eds. 1988. 2236. Smith, F. 1994. accord Reading. 5th ed. Hillsdale, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum. Stanovich, K. E. 1980. Toward an Interactive-Compensatory Model of Individual Differences in The Development of Reading Fluency. Research Reading Quarterly 16 (1) 32-71. Tierney, R. J. , and P. D. Pearson. 1994. Learning to learn from text A Framework for Improving Classroom Practice. In Rudell, Ruddell, and Singer, eds. 1994. 496513.

Violence in the past Essay Example for Free

Violence in the past EssayAbigail has been the victim of strength in the past. In the sport she tells the girls I maxim Indians smash my dear parents heads on the pillow near to mine, and I have seen some reddish work done at night. This experience influences her actions later on in the play. She anticipates avenging in everything she does and she corrupts the characters in the play because she k instantaneouslys their weaknesses. Her actions are significant in this scene because it shows that she seeks retribution in order to gain more office staff. Abigails actions are repre moveative of the actions of government during the 1950s.both the government and Abigail seek to manipulate the system to gain power (through Witch trials/McCarthy trials). milling machine shows what power can do in the wrong hands and the way the government perverts the course of justice. Proctor opposes Abigail during the trial he refuses to believe her lies and knows that she is being hypocritic al. Proctor has takeable influence over the common man in Salem. His reputation is important to him and his dramatic confession how do you call heaven Whore Whore is completely unexpected.This provokes sympathy from the audience. Proctor is now a known lecher and he tries to explain a man will non variant away his good name. This shows that Proctors reputation is important to him and he must protect it. Miller shows his own moral philosophy and ethics in Proctors character where Proctor sacrifices his good name. The implication is that Proctor did the right thing by confessing. It is withal a dramatic turning point because he has effectively committed social felo-de-se and this becomes the main focus in the trial.Miller indispensabilitys the audience to understand that John Proctor has been tackling his conscience since his subprogram with Abigail. After his confession in put to work three he is overwhelmed by guilt and shame because he has disappointed his friends. Mill er shows the audience the unspokenships faced by an individual to stand up to the rest of society. This desire comes from the way Miller stood up against McCarthyism and was scrutinised for it. Elizabeth Proctor is another character in the play that faces a moral dilemma. Upon entering the courtroom she is unaware of the events that precede her arrival.She is confused and this is noticeable from the faint way in which she speaks to Danforth. Both Abigail and Proctor are made to face their backs towards her so they cannot influence her testimony. This is a very tense result in the play because the audience arent sure how Elizabeth will react under pressure. Through turn up the play Elizabeth does not speak to Abigail but it is at this moment that the audience can feel her dislike and anger. When Danforth first minds Elizabeth to the highest degree Abigail, she knows that John has been accused of lechery.Elizabeth doesnt know whether to choose to save her husbands reputation or t o tell the court he has committed lechery and to live with the consequence. not knowing what to say, sensing a situation she begins to stall for time. As a Christian woman, Elizabeth believes that God condemns liars and if she lies her reputation will be tainted. Abigail has corrupted Elizabeth to the extent that she is now powerless and both choice she makes she will lose. The audience expects her response to be the truth and is shocked when she lies.She mat up a keen importance in telling the truth but she was overcome by emotion for Proctor and didnt want to see him get hurt. She has never committed a big sin in her life so when she lies, she knows that the guilt will follow her for the rest of her life Elizabeth is put under the most pressure in this scene and she is one of the victims of Abigails corruption. Miller wanted the audience to recognise that tragedies happen to good people and that the prankish can often escape their punishment. He shows that when a person has to decide between faith and love, tender-hearted instinct can often overpower belief.Although Elizabeth wrestled with her conscience before making her decision but she felt that Johns life was more important. Her behaviour is significant in this scene because it is the first time in the play she shows how much she loves John. Reverend John Hale is an outsider and his judgment is not tainted by vengeance or personal responsibilities to the other villagers, he set out to find the call down in Salem. As a priest his duty is to council Christians to stay on the right path but his role in Salem changes.When he first arrives in Salem, he believes that the devil had taken over and he was sent to save them by using his books here is all the invisible world, caught, defined and calculated. In these books the devil stands stark of all his brute disguises. As an educated man Hale is able to quickly judge a good person from a bad person which is illustrated when Hale first meets Rebecca Nurse. By Act Three Hale sees the truth about Salem and that it is not about witches but of vengeful girls. He learns that you cannot say human nature and the answer to the hysteria of the town lay in the people and not in his books.When Elizabeth comes into court and commits perjury he cannot take it anymore. He tells Danforth it is a natural lie to tell because he sympathises with Elizabeth and Proctor and he feels a bond with them. He explains that the trials were about private vengeance and not the devil but the court chooses to be ignorant. In anger he leaves the court I denounce these transactions I quit this court because he feels that there is nothing he can do. He is referred to as Pontius Pilate (Proctor-Act Two) because he washes his hands of logic and chooses to side with the court.In Act Three Hales conscience takes control of him because he cant accept Abigails treachery and corruption which caused the deaths of innocent people. I may shut my conscience to this no more he also feels partly responsible for what happened to the villagers. On page 91 Hale has a dramatic change and he makes his intentions clear for the first time in the play. His behaviour is significant in Act Three because he recognises changes in himself and other characters. He understood that Abigail was manipulating everyone virtually her and he saw her thirst for power.Millers purpose for creating Reverend Hale was to show an individual standing up to society and Miller saw his own attributes in Hale as he was asked to give names of communist sympathisers he had met at meetings. Miller couldnt do tell the courts the name of any communists because his conscience wouldnt allow it. Miller stood up to the injustices created by the government as Hale stands up to Danforth. It is argued that Arthur Millers purpose for writing The Crucible was to show a person status and the impact they made on society. It teaches that an individuals voice can influence others around them.In my opinion this scene is dramatically successful because it forces the audience to contemplate their own standing in society. It is also makes people aware of other injustices that are in any society, which makes the play intellectually stimulating. In Act Three, Millers intentions become clear by his use of language. A courtroom is the appropriate setting to play out Proctors confession because of the way it heightens the drama. The courtroom is parallel to Millers trial with the American government and he stood up to them and wasnt bullied by the authorities and these beliefs and morals are echoed into Proctors character.Proctor believes that the law and the government is unjust so he disagrees with Danforth and Hathorne it is hard to give a lie to dogs because he cannot forgive them for causing the death of his friends. Miller wants the audience to consider the roles the characters played in Salem and to ask themselves whether they would do the same allowing the audience to empathise with t he characters. He wants them to question whether there are people like that in todays society and to make them question the world around them.The Crucible shows an awful chapter in human history which still has an impact on the world today. It shows that witches and communists could be equated because they were both victims of the government. Miller wanted to show that society hadnt learnt anything from the events that occurred in Salem and that what is manifestly parallel was the guilt, twain centuries apart, of holding illicit, suppressed feelings of alienation and hostility . The government will stop anyone who poses a threat to the assert (like Abigail). Including censorship of the Arts e.g. songs by artists like Eminem, whose lyrics scrutinise the actions of government. In response the government brands this behaviour as unpatriotic. The play therefore teaches us that people will always be used as scapegoats by the government because they will always be able to find victims. It shows us the reality of alienation and the power of paranoia, particularly in the way it clouds logic. We learn that as individuals we should avoid becoming the victim and should stand up for what we believe as both Proctor and Miller have done.